Selected Key Terms

Selected Key Terms for Institutions and Audiences - The Film Industry

Selected Key Terms for Institutions and Audience

An institution (in the film industry)
Definition: any company or organisation that produces, distributes or exhibits films. The BBC makes films with their BBC Films arm; Channel4's Film Four produces films, Working Title also produce films, as does Vertigo Films, etc. Some institutions need to join with other institutions which distribute films. Vertigo Films is able to distribute its own films, Channel Four distributed Slumdog Millionaire through Pathe. Working Title's distribution partner is Universal, a huge US company which can make, distribute and show films. The type of owner ship within an institution matters as, for instance, Channel 4 and the BBC are able to show their own films at an earlier stage than other films made by other institutions. They are also better placed to cross-promote their in-house films within their media organisations. Use you work on Film Four as the basis for most of what you write, Moon is a good cross comparison as Duncan Jones had to create his own institution just to get the film made.


Distribution and Marketing

Definition: the business of getting films to their audiences by booking them for runs into cinemas and taking them there in vans or through digital downloads; distributors also create the marketing campaign for films producing posters, trailers, websites, organise free previews, press packs, television interviews with the "talent", sign contracts for promotions, competitions, etc. Distributors use their know-how and size to ensure that DVDs of the film end up in stores and on supermarket shelves. Distributors also obtain the BBFC certificate, and try to get films released as the most favourable times of the year for their genre, etc.


Examples:
Universal distributed Working Title's The Boat That Rocked; Pathe distributedFilm4 and Celadors' Slumdog Millionaire after the original US distributor, Warner Independent went out of business. TRON was heavily marketed across a variety of mediums, Moon struggled to get press attention and Duncan Jones had to really push the film  in obscure places like Popular Mechanics etc. The Kings Speech was distributed by Momentum (a susiduary of Aliance films) who are a major independent film distributor.


ExhibitionDefinition: showing films in cinemas or on DVD. Media attention through opening nights and premieres How the audience can see the film: in cinemas, at home, on DVD, through downloads, through television, including premieres, the box office take in the opening weeks; audience reviews which includes those of the film critics, ordinary people, cinemas runs; awards in festivals, The Oscars, BAFTAS, etc.


Examples:
Slumdog Millionaire almost never got distribution. Its early US distributor, Warner Independent was a victim of the economic downturn and went out of business. The film's makers then struggled to find a distributor! Then Fox Searchlight stepped up and "the rest is history". The 8 out of 10 Oscar nomination wins ensured that the film has been the greatest British success in awards and in box office for nearly 60years.
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/boyle-reveals-slumdog-millionaire-was-nearly-never-made-1331821.html

Motherhood took just £86!
Moon. Initially Sony Pictures Worldwide were due to distribute the film but they specialise in straight to DVD features. Following positive reaction following its Sundance film festival the rights were acquired by Sony Classic Pictures who gave the film a limited release in the US in Cities like New York and LA.

Exchange
Definition: The unintended use of an institution’s media text (i.e. a film) by OTHER PEOPLE who use the film or parts of it to form new texts. What happens to a film, etc. after the public get their hands on it using digital technology. 

Examples:People unconnected to the institution/ film using WEB 2.0 applications such as YOUTUBE, Blogger, Amazon film message boards, TWITTER, Face-Book, discuss the film or edit parts of together to form a new text which the may then put a new soundtrack to and publish on YOUTUBE, etc. When you add a trailer from a site like YouTube on your blog you have been engaging with exchange. Look back to MArk Kermodes video regarding piracy and the new release strategies for films like Ken Loach's "Route Irish" (Loach has reportedly steeled himself for a frosty response from critics and anticipates an underwhelming box office, noting the difficulty he faced securing a distribution deal. Though pragmatic in his view that “people don’t make films to communicate; they make it as a commodity”,an unorthodox release strategy utilising Sky Movies Premier - which will place the film (and by extension, its subject matter) in a wider public sphere than it might otherwise have reached – suggests he hasn’t given up on pedagogy entirely.) or the Jack Ass 3 release on DVD and Sky Box Office.


Vertical and Horizontal Integration
Definition: Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution.


Example:
Vivendi Universal have integrated film, music, web and distribution technology into the company, including owning big stakes in cables and wires that deliver these services. Therefore they are vertically integrated because they own all the different companies involved in film, from production to distribution to exhibition. They are also horizontally integrated because they have all the expertise for producing media content under one roof – films, TV, magazines, books, music, games thus being able to produce all the related media content for one film under the same roof (see synergy). This is important for the control the institution has over their product/film.


Synergy/Synergies 
Definition: The interaction of two or more agents (institutions/companies) to ensure a larger effect than if they acted independently. This is beneficial for each company through efficiencies in expertise and costs.

 
Examples:
Working Title know how to make films and they have formed a business partnership with Universal, a massive US company, who have the experience and size in the marketplace (cinemas, stores, online, etc.) to distribute them. (They create the marketing campaign to target audiences through posters, trailers, create the film’s website, free previews, television and press interviews featuring “the talent”, drum up press reviews, word of mouth, and determine when a film is released for the best possible audience and the type of release: limited, wide, etc.) Channel Four’s Film 4 and Celador Films(Celador also produce Who Wants to Be A Millionaire and films, too) benefited by pooling their know-how, experience and expertise to jointly produce Slumdog Millionaire. These companies formed a business relationship with France’s Pathe to distribute this film. In the UK Pathe helped create the poster, trailer, website, etc. In the USA the film found another distributor after being nominated for the Oscars.


Viral Marketing

Definition: A marketing technique aiming at reproducing "word of mouth" usually on the internet and through existing social networks. YouTube Video pastiches, trailers, interviews with cast members, the director, writer, etc. You can find interviews of “the talent” trying to gain publicity for your case study films on YouTube. Find some clips from the films we have studied to help you in the exam.
Guerilla MarketingDefinition: The use of unconventional and low cost marketing strategies to raise awareness of a product. The aim is usually to create “buzz” and “word of mouth” around a film. Unusual stunts to gain publicity (P.R.) on the film’s opening weekend, etc.

Examples:
Sasha Baron Cohen created “buzz” before the release of his film “Borat” by holding fake press conferences. The studio also accessed the popularity of YouTube by releasing the first 4 minutes of the movie on YouTube, a week before it’s release, which can then be sent virally across the nation. At a special viewing of “Bruno” Cohen landed on Eminem “butt first” from the roof MTV Awards venue, dressed in as an angel outfit with rents in the rear end.


Media Convergence
Definition 1: Convergence of media occurs when multiple products come together to form one product with the advantages of all of them.

 
Examples:
More and more films are being marketed on the Internet and on mobile phones. You no longer need even to buy the DVDs or CDs as you can download films and music directly to your laptop, Mac or PC. Blue Ray DVDs can carry more features than ordinary DVDs and can be played on HD televisions and in home cinemas for enhanced/cinematic picture quality. You can save films on SKY digital, Free-box digital players, etc. You mobile phone has multiple features and applications. With media and technological convergence this is growing year on year. Play-Stations, X-Boxes and the Wii can can connect with the Internet and you can play video games with multiple players.


Technological ConvergenceDefinition 2: The growing interractive use of digital technology in the film industry and media which enables people to share, consume and produce media that was difficult or impossible just a few years earlier.

Examples:
For instance, the use of new software to add special effects in editing; the use of blue-screen; using new types of digital cameras like the one Danny Boyle used in “Slumdog Millionaire” (The Silicon Imaging Camera to shoot high quality film in tight spaces); you can use the Internet to download a film rather than go see it in the cinema; you can watch it on YouTube; you can use special editing programs like Final Cut Pro to edit bits of a film, give it new soundtrack and upload it on YouTube; you can produce illegal, pirate copies on DVDs from downloads and by converting the film’s format; you can buy Blue Ray DVDs with greater compression which allows superior viewing and more features on the DVD; distributors can use digital software to create high concept posters; cinemas can download films to their projection screens and do not have to depend on a van dropping off the film! The is also the Digital Screen Network. There are tons of ways in which technological convergence affects the production, distribution, exhibition and exchange by prosumers. ( A prosumer is someone who not only consumes (watches films) but also writes about them the Net, blogs and make films out of them, often uploading them on sites like YouTube, etc.

A Mainstream Film

Definition: A high budget film that would appeal to most segments of an audience: the young, boys, girls, teenagers, young people, the middle aged, older people, the various classes in society. Distributors often spend as much or more than the film cost to make when distributing mainstream films that are given wide or universal releases.


Example:The Boat That Rocked was a mainstream idea and was given the mainstream treatment on wide release. The film flopped at the UK box office on release ( and has not done too well since mid November 2009 on release in the USA. This was mostly because of its poor reviews, particularly from “Time-Out”. However, when young and older audiences see the DVD they generally like the film because of its uplifting storyline and the well-chosen soundtrack.


Art House Films

Definition: A low budget independent film that would mostly appeal to an educated, higher class audience who follow unusual genres or like cult directors that few people have heard of. Therefore it is usually aimed at a niche market. Foreign films often come under this category.


Examples:
The low budget film, Once (2007) which found a specialised, boutique distributor in Fox Searchlight fits this label. (FOX the mainstream company usually distributes big budget film and blockbusters); So does “Juno” from 2008 which began as a low budget film about teenage pregnancy that the big studios thought too risky to touch – but it found popularity through its touching storyline, engaging music and its Oscar nomination for best script. Like “Slumdog Millionaire” the film crossed over between art-house cinemas and audiences to mainstream ones because of the recognition it received from Canadian film festivals and award ceremonies like Britain’s BAFTAS and the Hollywood’s Oscars.
Ratings bodies BBFC - The British Board of Film ClassificationHow your institutions films are rated will affect audiences in so far as WHO can see them. Remember that sex scenes, offensive language, excessive violence, the use of profanity, etc. can affect the rating and certificate the film receives and therefore affect who is able to see the film.

Why are films made?

Now you 'know' HOW a film is made, you're nwo going to look into WHY a film is made. 

Mark Kermode believes it is impossible for a Blockbuster ot lose money is they just follow some simple rules.

Those rules are:

1. A newsworthy budget
2. Spectacular visuals
3. NOT be a comedy
4. Include and 'A list star'

These rules can be seen to fit into the five categories of film production.

• Pre production (all the stuff that happens before filming)
• Production (all the stuff that happens whilst filming)
• Post prodcuton (all the stuff you do after filming to put the film together)
• Marketting (advertising your film)

 

Four quadrant picture

A Four Quadrant Picture is a marketing term used to describe a film targeted to all audience quadrants: men over 25, men under 25, women over 25, women under 25.

Usage
In the movie business, and it is most definitely a business, everyone is looking to maximize the audience for their picture. A four-quadrant picture is that magical type of film that attracts parents and kids, men and women, and brings in huge amounts of revenue on opening weekend. In the term “four-quadrant,” the quadrants refer to gender (male and female) and age (under 25 and over 25).
For most studios, the goal is to get enough details to line up so that they have broad-based, family-friendly appeal in designing a blockbuster or four-quadrant film. An important aspect of getting that appeal is the ratings system. An 18 Rating can be the kiss of death for a studio trying to market a film featuring pre-teen characters. A lowering from PG-13 to PG can mean millions more in revenue as parents feel more comfortable bringing young children to a given film like Evan Almighty.
Examples
One of the most famous four-quadrant, blockbuster films is Star Wars and all of its sequels. Jaws is another landmark blockbuster film. Other more current examples include Night at the Museum, Journey to the Center of the Earth, Shrek (1-3), Spiderman (1-3), Pirates of the Caribbean (1-3), andWall-E.
Implications
Another interesting by-product of the rise of four-quadrant films in the industry is cross marketing. Those films often are associated with toys and other products that both advertise the film and bring in revenue on their own. In addition, four-quadrant films are powerful vehicles for product placement advertisers looking to show their wares to the largest audience possible.
On the down side, many wonder how much effort is placed on credible, engaging story lines as opposed to marketing opportunities in these behemoth cinematic endeavors.

The big six

Major Film Studios

A major film studio is a film producer and production company that releases a substantial number of films annually.

The Big Six film studios are:

1. Warner Bros. Pictures. Comprising a whopping 19.7 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures), Warner Bros. Pictures is the biggest player in the film industry. Securing the rights to major films like Harry Potter, Superman, Batman, The Matrix and Star Wars have made Warner Bros. the No. 1 name in the business.

2. Paramount Pictures. With 15.5 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures), Paramount Pictures continues to be one of the most successful film production companies in the world. Star Trek, War of the Worlds, the Mission Impossible series, Transformers and Tropic Thunder are just a few of the popular films produced by Paramount Pictures.

3. Walt Disney. One of the most renowned film production companies in the history of the business, Walt Disney now holds 15.3 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures). With highly successful movies like Pirates of the Caribbean, National Treasure, Meet the Robinsons and Enchanted, there's no doubt that Disney will continue to play a key role in the industry for years to come.

4. Columbia Pictures. Comprising 12.9 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures), Columbia Pictures remains a big player in the business. Some of this company's recent successes include Casino Royale, The Da Vinci Code, the Spider-Man series and Step Brothers.

5. Universal Studios. 12.2 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures) belongs to Universal Studios, which continues to make millions for the film industry. With major hits like the Bourne series (Bourne Identity, Bourne Supremacy and Bourne Ultimatum), The American Pie series, Knocked Up, American Gangster and The Incredible Hulk, it's very clear that Universal Studios knows what it takes to make money in this industry.

6. 20th Century Fox. Also known as "Twentieth Century Fox," this highly successful movie production company makes up 11.9 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures). Some of the biggest and most successful movies from this empire include the X-Men series, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Star Wars Episodes II and III, and the Fantastic Four.

Roughly 9/10 films in the UK are seen as a result of these distributers

 

The Seven Key Areas of Audience and Institutions - Translations

The Seven Key Areas of Audience and Institutions - Translations

During year 12 you will study a specific studio or production company within the film industry that targets a British audience, looking at how films are produced, distributed, exhibited and consumed by audiences. You will also have to study how films are distributed (digital cinemas, DVD, HD-DVD, downloads, etc) and their impact upon production, marketing and consumption.

In the exam you will be tested on one of the following areas (the simplified translation is in red italics. You'll notice there is quite a bit of similarity in some areas)

• the issues raised by media ownership in contemporary media practice; (how does who owns a media company influence the type of film made and its potential success? For example do BIG companies make BIG films and therefore make all the money? Is it possible for small companies to succeed?)
• the importance of cross media convergence and synergy in production, distribution and marketing; (how do companies work together to produce, distribute and publicize a film? How can Disney use their size to promote and publicise a film? How can small companies work together to promote their business' when making and promoting a film?)
• the technologies that have been introduced in recent years at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange; (how has the introduction of digital film, 3D, DVD, Blue Ray, internet streaming, downloadable content, home cinema influenced the types of films made, the way we watch them and the way we 'buy' them?)
• the significance of proliferation in hardware and content for institutions and audiences; (how and why have film companies had to alter the way they work now everyone has web enabled phones, PC's, consoles etc? How have audiences changed their viewing habits now we no longer need to go to the cinema to watch a film)
• the importance of technological convergence for institutions and audiences; (can you think of examples of how different technologies have come together to help the film industry?) 
• the issues raised in the targeting of national and local audiences (specifically, British) by international or global institutions; (how do film companies try and attract their audience? Do they do different things in different countries?)
• the ways in which the candidates’ own experiences of media consumption illustrate wider patterns and trends of audience behaviour. (what is your opinion on the above? Do you see the developments as a good or bad thing?)

Essay- Hotel Babylon

In the following clip of the hit TV drama 'Hotel Babylon', ethnicity is presented throughout that those who are a different ethnic origin are stereotypically cleaners or kitchen workers. This conveys that we see all illegal immigrants as doing the jobs that white British people are not as keen to do. The police officers that come to the hotel to raid the building in search for the illegal immigrants are seen as superior to all foreigners. This shows that it is conveyed that in this episode, white people have a much greater status and power over those who are of a different ethnic race (e.g black, polish, asian ect)

At the beginning of the scene, a close-up shot of the main police detective officer is used to fully convey his stern facial expression to the audience and to portray that he is the main 'villain' in this episode.
He then begins to walk towards the camera to symbolize to the audience that he is coming for them (the immigrant workers) and to engage the audience to make them feel as if he is also coming for them as well; adding extra tension to the scene.

Once the main character of this scene, Jackie, realizes that the police are here to take away the workers, the camera follows her running into he kitchen to hide them all. This makes the audience feel as though we are running along side her , and fully conveys that panic of the situation.
As soon as she manages to move them all out of the kitchen, they are run down the hallway; looking for somewhere to hide. The camera is then hidden behind some bars in the shot to connote that they're all trapped and in need of somewhere to hide.

Soon as Jackie leads the workers to a safe place to hide, the camera zooms into her un locking the door handle by doing a close up shot of her struggling to get the key into the lock and open the door. This conveys the panic and urgency of the situation and how it is a race against time before the police and detective come for them all.
Once she has managed to get the workers safely into the small store room, the camera then instantly does another close up shot of her shutting the door handle and re-locking it. By doing so, it suggests that they are locked in and trapped.

As soon as she gets everyone into the store room and locks the door, Jackie begins to count how many workers are in the room. Once she realizes that she sis missing one, the camera does a deliberate zoom into Jackie's face, ending in a close up of her shocked emotion to show that there is another panicked situation. By doing a quick zoom into her face, it portrays to the audience that there is a sudden dramatic change, adding extra agitation.

Once Jackie identifies who is missing, the camera does a parallel editing shot from the trapped illegal workers to the missing worker hovering in one of the hallways with his music on- oblivious to the commotion. The camera pans up from the floor of the missing worker hovering to show that he is being revealed to the audience.

When the illegal missing worker gets taken by the police officers, the camera pans back down onto the hoover on its own in the middle of the empty hall. This portrays that he's gone for good.

Due to the police officers having successfully taken an illegal immigrant from the hotel, there is a secret knock at the door of the storage cupboard in which all of the workers are hiding in. The camera does a rapid zoom into Jackie's face to show her sudden change of emotion and worry of the door knocking, adding more panic to the situation, yet relief when its one of her colleagues. 

As the police officers are removing the illegal worker and taking him to be deported, there is a shallow focus on all of the other workers on the main department of the hotel, making the main focus Jackie in the tight hand corner of the screen. This connotes to the audience that she is the main concern during this scene and is the only worker that seems to fully care and understand what will happen to those that are taken.

Once the police officers have left the building and a form of equilibrium is restored, Jackie begins to clear out the taken migrant workers locker. The camera does a close up again of Jackie locking and un locking his locker door to show that one my be gone, but the others are still trapped there.

At the end of the scene, the camera pans across all of the migrant workers eating their lunch, showing the audience all the different ethnicities and that they're just ordinary people trying to get by in their lives. It also gives the audience an incite on how many illegal workers are actually at this hotel, making us think that the police would be back at some point for them because they know that they're there.
The scene ends with the editing format of a fade out to black showing that the episode has a negative ending and makes the audience think and reflect on what's happened.

From the moment that the workers begin to plan how they will hide all of the workers and Jackie begins to manically run around the kitchen to collect them all, non diegetic sound is added to create a higher level of tension.

All of the diegetic sounds that are included throughout this scene tend to be noises that represent stress, panic and fear. Doors closing, opening of locks, footsteps and heavy breathing are all included to convey to the audience the stress of the moment. It makes the situation feel more realistic and as if we are there with them.

Dialogue is used throughout the scene so that we, as the audience, can fully understand what is happening why and how all of the characters react to it. When Jackie rushes in to the kitchen to tell all of the workers to leave the area and to hide because the immigration officers are there, she says it all in a series of foreign languages. This portrays to the audience that not only Jackie can fully communicate with them all in their mother-tongue but can also suggest that she is somewhat part of them as well.

When Jackie gets the workers into the store room to hide, one of the workers collapses due to her having diabetes and is suffering from an attack, one of the African workers (Adam) cures her and wakes her up. He then says to Jackie 'I wasn't always a cleaner you know!'. By saying this, he is clearing up the stereotype that we all have towards foreign people in our country because clearly, in his country he had a more well-looked upon profession- possibly a doctor- showing that migrants can do the more well looked upon jobs that we do as well.

Throughout the whole panic section of the scene when the police officers are searching for the hidden illegal immigrant workers, there is a tense music in the background to build up the atmosphere. Yet, when the police officers catch the stray worker who was oblivious to the commotion the music stops when he is being dragged out of the hotel lobby. By there being a stunned silence rather than music, it fully conveys a more realistic atmosphere by being able to hear the witnesses reactions. Sometimes no music, like in this section, can add a better atmosphere than those with non-diegetic sound.

When Jackie is clearing out his locker because he has been taken, non-diegetic sound is added to add a depressing, sad and emotional atmosphere. The use of the slow music shows to the audience that because someone has gone, it is an upsetting moment.




At the very beginning of the scene, the mise-en-scene of the police officers and detectives are their uniforms (costumes) that they wear to show that they are the real deal. The lighting on the main detective walking at the front of the group is rather dark, shadowing on his face, to convey that he is here for a dark purpose.
 Shortly after they walk in, the camera begins to focus on the main woman of the hotel at the front of house. Her costume for this scene is a bright white suit and she has bright blonde hair and is stood behind her large reception desk with bright lighting all over her. The way in which she is shown her indicates that she is pure and more superior than everyone else.

Jackie is informed of the whole raiding situation with the police whilst she is working in her office. Because Jackie is of a different ethnic race to the other white workers, her office is completely different to theirs and is downstairs, underneath the main part of the building (hidden away)- especially the main blonde woman at the front of house. Jackie's office is in what appears to be like a small stock room and is surrounded by boxes and clutter. This could portray that because she's foreign, she's just being added to the clutter within the hotel. In her office, the lighting on Jackie is much darker than the woman's at the front of house because it shows that she is separated from everyone else and is not in the lime-light because she could be classed as different. Also, because her office is downstairs away from the main reception area of the front of the house, this shows that because she is of an ethnic origin, the manager did not want the public to be greeted by someone foreign.

The costumes of the immigrant workers are all in a form of kitchen or house keeping wear to show that they all have the same, stereotypical job which we all associate foreign people doing. Each one of them is dressed exactly the same depending on what department they work for which conveys that every single one of them is the same and none of them are treated any differently.

Throughout the scene, the character whose facial expression is shown in the most detail is Jackie. This is because she is the woman in charge of keeping all the immigrant workers safe, so by the audience being able to see how she reacts emotionally too each of the dramatic situations, makes you feel more for the character and as if we're with them as well.
We also see the migrant workers expressions throughout, especially when they are all in the locked storage room by the camera doing close ups/mid-shots to show how they are all reacting in this situation and their expressions that they convey.

For the editing aspects of this scene from the TV drama, parallel editing cuts from the trapped illegal workers, suddenly to the other worker hovering in the hall way to show to the audience the change in panic and drama to the tranquility of him cleaning; un aware of the dramatic situation that is on going. A shallow focus is used towards the end of the scene, blurring out the other workers within the hotel (who are white) in the reception room, concentrating on the close up of Jackie in the right hand corner. This is used at this point because one of the migrant workers is being taken away and she is the only member of staff at that point that is seriously moved by what's happened, so the audience wish to focus on her reaction because she tried to prevent anyone from being taken.

The scene ends with a fade out to black to show that the episode has ended on a negative note, and leaves the audience thinking about what could happen next.

Representation of Ethnicity

Tv drama- Some Girls:

Within this TV drama, 'Some girls' there are four main characters with almost all different ethnicity's. One of them is South Asian (Indian) one of them is Black and two of them are White raced.

From the typical stereotypes that we, as a society, carry towards the Indian ethnic origin is that they are typical owners of corner-shops, doctors and cab/taxi drivers. Yet, this teenager does not fit any of those typical stereotypes that are associated with her ethnic group. As a character and the way in which she is presented throughout the drama, she is seen as the clever one within the social group yet conveyed as 'weird' by others within the school. She wants to be socially accepted yet knows that it will never happen- with both boys and girls. This could be a stereotype that her ethnic race does not fit in with others.

The second charactor who is black, and the stereotypes that we have against this ethnic group is that they are often rappers, wear track suits, wear alot of jewellery ans are good at sports. This character throughout the drama does not follow many of these stereotypes yet is part of the schools football team connoting that she is good at sports, following the stereotype. As a character, she is very strong minded and is the most responsible in the group towards her friends yet is more serious than the other three. This can fit the stereotype of that black women in the media are shown as almost always irritable, angry and emotional.



Finally, the stereotypes that fit with the ethnic group of white people are that they smoke, they're rebelious, drink beer, they're unhygenic, that they think that they're better than everyone else and that they're all racist. The first girl, Holli:

Holli is often in trouble at school and has a very violent personality, which fits the stereotype of white people being rather rebelious and aggressive. She is a wild character and can believe that she is better than others due to her quick-temper, which can also fit the last stereotype.



The second white person in the socialn group is Amber:
This character is often protrayed to be in a world of her own, ditsy and seen as 'stupid' by her friends, which does not fit any of the stereotypes for her. She isnt aggressive towards people due to her child-like personality,and therefore her character does not represent any of the typical stereotypes for her ethnic group.

'Dredd' Research Task

       

Producer:
This film was produced by Alex Garland, Andrew Macdonald and Allon Reich. Alex Garland is a novelist and screenwriter and had also wrote the screenplay for Danny Boyle's '28 Days Later'. Andrew Macdonald is a scottish film producer and is best known for his collaborations with director Danny Boyle and screenwriter JOhn Hodge in the films '28 Days Later', 'Trainspotting' and 'Shallow Grave'. The greenlight for this film was in 2008.

Distributor:
It was distributed by Entertainment Film, Lionsgate and Distributors.

Script Writer:
The script writer for this film was Alex Garland who is an English novelist, film producer and screenwriter. He published his first novel, The Beach, in 1996 which was then later created into a film by Danny Boyle staring Leonardo DiCaprio. 

Budget: 
The estimated budget was around $45,000,000

Box office gross:
The box office gross was around $36,000,000

Director & Actors;
The director for this film production was Pete Travis who has directed such films as:

1. Vanage Point
2. Endgame
3. Omaghe

The actors/cast in this production where stars such as:

• Karl Urban-  Dredd - (Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness, The Bourne Supremacy)
• Jason Cope-  Zwirner - (Doomsday, District 9)
• Olivia Thirlby- Anderson- (Juno, No Strings Attatched, The Darkest Hour)
• Rakie Ayola- Chief Judge- (Saraha, The I Inside)
• Lena Headey- Ma-Ma- (The Purge, 300, Game Of Thrones)
• Warrick Grier- Caleb- (The Bone Snatcher, Death Race 2, Goodbye Fanana)
• Wood Harris- Kay- (Remember The Titans, The Wire, Paid In Full)

Marketing:
The film has its own website ( http://www.dreddreport.com/ ) which helps market the film more, by being interactive with its target audience, getting more pubicity. Even though this could of been hard too find for people that wanted too hear/learn more about the film. There were film trailers for this production, yet they werent widely advertised and were mainly shown on internet sites such as YouTube (see above).
 There was also an exclusive film poster to promote the films appearance at the 2012 Fantastic Fest in September.

  http://www.judgmentiscoming.net/motionposter/dreddposter.swf  

(Above is the motion poster promoting the fim)

Critical Reception:
On the critic page review 'RottonTomatoes', it got a rating of 78%, and the audiences review gave it a 73%. The review for it was:

"Fueled by bombastic violence and impressive special effects, rooted in self-satire and deadpan humor, Dredd 3D is a rare example of a remake that actually works."

On IMDB, the film got a rating of 7.0/10 which is a rather positive review.

Reasons for lack of success:

The reasons for the lack of success of the film were due to there not being many TV advertisements promoting the film. Television advertisement would have been a brilliant way to promote the film’s release because of how popular TV viewing is, yet the viewing times of this trailer would have had to be restricted due to its age rating (certificate 18).

Another reason for the films lack of success was due to it being originally shown in the cinema in 3D and not all cinemas have the necessary film screening for 3D, therefore it narrowed down its cinema screening options.

Also the film is mainly based for those who understand the original 2000AD comics and know the back=ground of Judge Dredd and also for the target market of people who specifically like gore and action movies; so has a limited target audience the please.  

Awards:
Dredd's marketing campaign won a Golden Trailer Award for 'Best thriller TV spot' for the trailer 'Big Addicted'  and recieved nominations for:

• Most original TV spot
• Best action TV spot
• Best graphics in a TV spot
• Best music TV spot
• Best action poster
• Most original poster

Technology used:
The film was shot digitally and primarily in 3D using SI2K, RED MX and Phantom Flex high-speed cameras and multiple camera rigs were used. Also, some 2D elements were converted to 3D in post-production.

Tie-Ins:
Dredd was released on DVD,Blue-Ray and Digital download on 14th January 2013 in the UK. No toys from this film were made as a tie-in due to the age certification of the film, meaning that its not desgined for a younger audience to need too make figurines for. A tie in comic book was published on the 5th september 2012 by the Judge Dredd Magazine editor Matt Smith and drawn by 2000AD artist Henry Flint. The comics plot contains a prequel to the films narrative and follows Ma-Ma's life as a prostitute.

Personal Opinion:
My personal opinion on this film is that i really thouroughly enjoyed it and I loved all the action, fighting and gore that was shown throughout. I am a huge fan of gorey action films so this one really hit the spot! There was never a dull moment for me in this film, and the consistency of violence continued to shine through constantly. The story line was simple to follow yet interesting to watch. The main charactor, Judge Dredd really shown the original charactoristics of the 2000AD comic book charactor, which made it a better film than the 1995 'Judge Dredd' by Sylvester Stallone.